Woodpulp bleaching process



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Fsass States Patent assignorsf' to Hooker Chemical Corporation, Niagara Falls, N. Y., a corporation of New York No Dra ing. Filed June 28, 1965, Ser. No. 467,697 US. Cl. 162-87 4 Claims Int. Cl. D2 I'c 9/14, 9/12 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE There is provided a process for the bleaching of wood- I The process is preferably used as the only or first stage pulp comprising reacting the pulp with chlorine dioxide until the chlorine dioxide is at least partially depleted and, thereafter, reacting the woodpulp with chlorine. The process provides bleached pulps with excellent strength, brightness.

This invention relates to the bleaching of cellulosic materials and more particularly to a process of sequentially treating cellulosic materials with chlorine dioxide and chlorine in a manner whereby the color bodies, lignins and other impurities are more readily removed or brightened The bleaching of cellulosic materials, particularly woodpulp, has been the subject of extensive study and experimentation. As a result, many processes are known for effecting such bleaching operations and numerous of these processes are used in commercial bleaching opera-: tions. Various oxidizing reagents, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, alkali and alkaline earth hypochlorites, hydrogenperoxide, and the like have been suggested and used in specific processes wherein the reagent is applied to the cellulosic material in one or more steps.

The more common processes often use more than one reagent and more than one bleaching step. Some of these processes involve treating the cellulosic material with a reagent such as chlorine, washing the residual chlorine and solubilized impurities from the treated material with water, neutralizing or extracting the chlorinated lignins with caustic and washing with water, again treating the cellulosic materials with another reagent, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide or sodium hypochlorite and again washing theresidual reagent and solubilized impurities from the cellulosic material. Processes have been suggested wherein chlorine is used in the first bleaching stage or whereirfchlorine dioxide is used in the first stage or wherein specific mixtures of chlorine dioxide and chlorine are used in the first stage. Each of these processes has various advantages and disadvantages in the treatment of the cellulosic material. The particular sequence and reagents used affect the brightness of the bleached material, extent of fiber degradation and as a result, the fiber strength, brightness, resistance to loss of brightness on aging and overall economics of the process.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method whereby the advantages of chlorine dioxide and chlorine can be incorporated into a process so that improved characteristics are obtained over previous proc esses utilizing chlorine dioxide and chlorine as a bleaching agent. Another object of this invention is to provide a process whereby improved brightness and improved resistance to loss of brightness on aging are obtained at an economic advantage. A further object of this invention is to provide a process particularly suited for the bleaching of woodpulp, utilizing conventional chlorine dioxide generating equipment as well as conventional bleaching equipment. These and other objects will become apparent to @blhtttatt' Patented Mar. 18, 1969 "ice those skilled in the art from the description of the inven tion which follows.

In accordance with the invention, a process is provided for the bleaching of a cellulosic material comprising treating cellulosic materials with a bleaching agent selected from the group consisting of chlorine dioxide and chlorine, reacting said bleaching reagent with the cellulosic material until the reagent is at least partially depleted, and treating said cellulosic material, without an intermediate wash, with a second bleaching reagent, said bleaching reagent being other than the first bleaching reagent and being selected from the group consisting of chlorine dioxide and chlorine, reacting said reagent with said cellulosic material.

of a bleaching operation and, when used as the first stage bleaching operation, it is readily incorporated into conventional multistage bleach processes.

The process of this invention provides improved char= acteristics in the bleached material at equivalent avail= able chlorine applications, compared to heretofore known processes, thereby providing an economic advahtage. Al though subsequent bleaching stages used in multistage bleaching operations and the particular bleaching reagents used in these stages affect the characteristics of the final bleached pulp, improved results are obtained using the method of this invention as the first stage with other normal bleaching sequences, in second, third or subsequent stages. Thus, where in the present invention chlorine dioxide is used as the first bleaching reagent and chlorine is used as the second bleaching reagent without an intermediate'wash, followed by a caustic extraction, .a further chlorine dioxide bleach, a further caustic extraction and a final chlorine dioxide bleach, superior results are obtained when compared to using a chlorine dioxide chlorine mixture, pure chlorine or pure chlorine dioxide the first stage followed by the same sequence. The total effect is that lesser amounts of chemicals can be used to obtain comparable brightness levels using the present method than with those previously proposed.

Although the present process is applicable to cellulosic materials in general, it is herein more specifically described in relation to the bleaching of woodpulp, such as that ob tained from hemlock, Douglas fir, balsam, cedar, and the like. The woodpulfi is generally first prepared for bleaching by any of the known processes, such as the kraft or sulfite processes, wherein the wood is pulped with partial removal of the lignin. Such processes also more completely expose the fibers, thereby providing more com= plete contact between the bleaching reagents and the fibers.

The bleaching reagents used in the present process are actually reagents which upon the impurities such as the color bodies and lignin contained in the cellulose material, thereby oxidizing or solubilizing the impurities so that they may be whitened or removed. Since chlorine dioxide and chlorine are gases under most operating conditions, they can be used as such to react on either the dry or wet cellulosic material. Also, the chlorine dioxide and chlorine can be passed into an aqueous dispersion of pulp or the like to therein react with the cellulosic mate= rial, or they can be absorbed in aqueous solutions and added to the pulp in solution form. However, it is usually more convenient to have the pulp in an aqueous slurry and to add the reagents to the slurry. Thus, the prepared pulp is normally in an aqueous slurry which may be acidic, neutral or basic, and is directly bleached therein. Therefore the invention will be more completely described in relation to aqueous slurries of pulp.

In the present process, chlorine dioxide or chlorine is added in sequence to the pulp, such that first one reagent is added and reacted with the cellulosic material and then the second reagent is added and reacted without an interaugust mediate washing step. Typically, chlorine dioxide is added and allowed to react for a period of time suflicient to at least partially deplete the chlorine dioxide, i.e., more than about 50 percent is depleted. Then, chlorine is added and reacted with the cellulosic material to complete the bleaching stage. After a reaction of sufiicient time to pro duce the desired results, the residual reagent is washed from the pulp with water. Second, third or more bleaching stages may be applied, using conventional bleaching sequences in the additional bleaching stages. Thus, in the second, third or further stages, caustic, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, hypochlorite, peroxide or mixtures thereof can be used.

Although it is preferred to use the present method in the first stage of a bleaching operation, this process can also be used in a second or later stage or as the only bleaching stage. However, the present method is preferably used as the first stage of a multistage bleaching operation.

Either chlorine dioxide or chlorine can be used as the first added reagent, chlorine dioxide being preferred. The addition of the first bleaching reagent is preferably made in suflicient quantity so that a neutral to acidic pulp slurry is formed. Under such conditions, the bleaching action of the reagent is more effective. The second added reagent is either chlorine dioxide or chlorine, depending on which reagent was used first.

Since in commercial operations the chlorine dioxide may contain a small amount of chlorine due to the simultaneous release of chlorine during most chlorine dioxide generation processes, when it is stated herein that the cellulosic material is treated with chlorine dioxide, such a treatment is with a material which is primarily or substantially all chlorine dioxide but may contain some chlorine. In the same manner, the chlorine used i primarily or substantially all chlorine, but may contain some chlorine dioxide.

The bleaching time for each reagent in the process of this invention can vary, depending on the bleaching temperature, concentration of the reagents used, the specific characteristics desired in the bleached pulp and the percentage pulp dispersed in the aqueous solution. Thus, sufficient time is provided after each addition so that the reagent is reacted with the pulp, thereby at least partially depleting it prior to the addition of the second reagent. In most instances, the reagent is reacted to substantially or to almost completely deplete it prior" to the next addition. At lower temperatures and lower concentrations of reagent, when the ultimate bleaching capacity of the reagent is to be utilized, longer bleaching times are used.

The total bleaching or reaction time for the process of this invention can be up to about three hours or more. Preferably, the reaction time will be from about five minutes to about two hours. Of this reaction time, it is preferred to react the first reagent for a shorter time than the second reagent. Thus, when chlorine dioxide is the first added reagent and chlorine is the second added reagent, the reaction time for each reagent has been found to be preferably in a time ratio of a major proportion of the reaction time for the second reagent and a minor proportion of the reaction time for 'the first reagent, and more preferably, a reaction time ratio of the first reagent to the second reagent of about 1:2. Thus, in a one hour total reaction time in the first stage, if the chlorine dioxide is the first added reagent, it is reacted for about 20 minutes before the second reagent, chlorine, is added, it is best then to react the chlorine for about 40 minutes at which time the chlorine is substantially depleted, In alike manner, when the chlorine is added first and the chlorine dioxide second, it is preferred to effect the reaction at a similar time ratio of first reagent to second reagent.

The temperature at which the solution is maintained during the bleaching operation can be varied from about five degrees centigrade up to about 100 degrees centigrade, but it is normally preferred to effect the bleaching operation in the temperature range of about 10 to 50 degrees centigrade. The speed of the bleaching reaction is accelerated at the higher temperatures.

The amount of total available chlorine added, whether the available chlorine is added as chlorine dioxide or as chlorine, can vary considerably depending upon the particular characteristics desired to be obtained as a result of the bleaching operation. Normally, I to about 10 percent of available chlorine, by weight of the cellulosic material, as measured by the percent consistency, is added and reacted with the cellulosic material in the present first stage bleaching process, the exact amount depending on the particular bleaching requirements. Available chlorine is a measure of the oxidizing power of the reagent using chlorine, as the standard. As such, one part by weight of chlorine dioxide is equivalent to 2.63 parts by weight of chlorine. It has been found to be preferable to add 2 to 90 percent of the total available chlorine in the first phase addition and more preferably to add 20 to percent of the total available chlorine based on the total available chlorine required in the bleaching stage.

The invention will be further described by reference to the examples which illustrate certain preferred embodiments of this invention. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight and all temperatures are in degrees centigrade.

Examples 1-3 These examples illustrate a comparison between the results obtained by the two phase chlorine dioxide-chlorine bleaching process of the present invention used as a first stage (Example 1) compared to a mixture of chlorine dioxide and chlorine used as the first stage (Example 2) and the use of chlorine alone as the first stage bleach (Example 3). The comparative examples were run in a five-stage bleaching operation, wherein the first stage of Example 1 was the method of the present invention, wherein the first stage of Example 2 utilized a mixture of chlorine dioxide and chlorine and wherein the first stage of Example 3 used chlorine. The remaining bleaching stages for each example follow the same sequence of caustic extraction, chlorine dioxide addition, caustic extraction and final chlorine dioxide addition.

Each of the examples was run using equal parts of the same type of unbleached kraft pulp which consisted of 33 percent Dougla fir, 47 percent Western Hemlock and 20 percent cedar pulps. This pulp mixture had a permanganate number of 21.3, as measured by the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industries (TAPPI) Standard Testing Method No. T 214 m-SO, and a chlorinated viscosity of 381 centipoises, as measured by the TAPPI Standard Testing Method No. T 203 su-63. The bleaching time for the first stage was a total of 60 minutes at a temperature of 20 degree centigrade. In each example, a total of 7.0 percent available chlorine was added in the first stage. The chlorine and chlorine dioxide in each instance was added as a gas which was passed into the pulp slurry. Table I shows the results obtained.

TABLE I Example numbers TABLE IContinued Example numbers SECOND snot:

NaOH a plied percent 3.0 3.0 3.0 Final H 12.1 11.8 11. 3 Reaction time, minutes 120 120 120 After second stage reaction:

Consistency, percent 9. 8 9. 8 9. 8 Temperature, degrees cent ade 74 74 74 Permanganate number. 2. 3 3. 8 3. 6 Viscosity, centipoises- 476 363 198 'rnmn amen 0102 applied, percent..- 1. 02 1.02 1. 02 C101 consumed, percent 0.94 0.97 0.98 NaOH 0. 52 0. 52 0. 47 Final p 4.0 3. 7 3.0 Reaction time, minutes. 180 180 180 Consistency, percent. 6. 6. 0 6. 0 Temperature, degrees centigrade 74 74 74 Viscosity (centipoises) 380 347 210 General Electric brightness meter test,

percent (G.E.) 85.4 78. 7 80. G.E. brightness (1 hr. heat-aged percent 81. 3 75. 8 77. 6 G.E. brightness (18 hr. heat-a d), percent 79. 1 73. 3 73. 8

roua'rrr anon NaOH gpplied, ercent 0.5 0. 5 0.5 Final p (after aOH ad 11. 7 11. 4 11. 5 Reaction time, minutes... 120 120 120 Consistency, percent 10. 8 10. 8 10. 8 Temperature, degrees centigrade 74 74 74 FIFTH sraon 010 applied, percent... 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 C102 consumed, percent 0. 19 0. 22 0. 16 Final pH 4.0 3. 7 3. 5 Reaction time, minut 240 240 240 Consistency, percent-.. 6.0 6. 0 6.0 $8?! erathlrefidetgreilsl ce 1 d 74 74 74 o e va en 0 orine a 1e e cent. 2 -P.-. 10. 34 10. 34 10. 34

FINAL PRODUCT ovaurr Viscosity, centipoises- 242 290 180 G.E. lgriglliltness, plerfie nt 90.2 88. 6 89. 5 's? rig tmss 87.1 86.5 87.7

out 84. 6 84. 1 83. 0

c Physical strength at 250 illiljters Canadifln Sttandard (ml. 0.8.) ireeness:

Testing was carried out according to TAPPI Standard Testing Methods, wherein the General Electric (G.E.) Brightness was measured according to Standard Method T 217 m-48 and wherein the one hour heat-aged brightness test was carried out in a mechanical convection oven at 105 degrees centigrade for the indicated time: The physical tests were carried out according to TAPPI Standard Testing Methods T 200 ts-61, T 205 m-58, T 218 m-59, T 402 m-49 and T 220 m60 wherein the burst strength is in pounds per square inch (p.s.i.) per pound per ream of SOD-M by 40 inch sheets times 100; the tear strength is in grams per pound per ream of 500-24 by 40 inch sheets times 100; the tensile is the breaking length measured in meters of paper, and double folds is per pound per ream of 500-24 by 40 inch sheets times 100.

In Example 1, which illustrates the process of the present invention, the two phase addition employed a reaction time of 20 minutes for the addition of the first reagent, which was chlorine dioxide and a reaction time of 40 minutes. for the addition of the second reagent, which was chlorine. A comparison of the data obtained illustrates the improved results obtained by the present method. Higher and third and fifth stage brightnesses are obtained by the two phase method. In addition, higher third and fifth stage viscosities are obtained, compared with normal chlorine treatment. The higher brightness of the final product obtained both before and after aging for an 18 hour period illustrates the superiority of the present process in producing superior product characteristics. The

Examples 4 through 6 These examples compare the two-phase process of the present invention when used as the first stage of a sixstage bleaching process, I, with the use of a mixture of chlorine dioxide and chlorine in the first stage and the use of pure chlorine in the first stagefgThe comparisons were run using the same composition of kraft pulp as that used in Examples 1 through 3, dispersed in an aqueous phase. The results of the experiments are shown in Table II. Example 4 is atypical illustration of the use of chlorine as the bleaching" reagent in tlie firststage. Example 5 shows two-phasg chlorine dioxide-chlorine additionof the present invent1on, wherein t chlorine dioxide was reacted for 20 minutes prior to thqaddition of chlorine, which was then reacted for 40 minutes. Example 6 illustrates the use of alrnixture of chlorine dioxide and chlorine in the first stage.

In all examples equivalent amounts of available chlorine were used. The available chlorine? was added as a gas to the pulp slurries. The first stage operating temperature was 20 degrees ceritigrade and the total bleaching period for the first stage in Examples 4 through 6 was 60 minutes.

TABLE II Example numbers FIRST STAGE Available 012 ratio, ClxClO-z :0? 50:50 0102 applied, percent 0- 1. 33 Cl; appl ed, percent 7. 0 3. 50 1st phase C102 residual, percent.-. 0 1st phase 010:" residual, percent.- 0. 10 1st tphase terminal pH 3. 1 En of stage 01216811111111, ercen .4 0.16 0.28 End of stage 0101 residua percent" 0} 0.04 0. 05 End of stage 0102- residual, percent. Q. 0 0 Total reaction time, minutes 60, 60 60 Consistency, percent 4. 2 4. 2 4. 2 Temperature, degrees centigrade 20 20 20 SECOND STAGE NaOH applied, percent 3.0 1. 5 1. 5 Final pH 123.1. 10.3 10. 1 Reaction time, minutes 120.- 120 Consistency, percent 9:8 9. 8 9. 8 Temperature, degrees centigrade 74 48 48 Permanganate number 3. 7 3. 5 4. 2 Viscosity, centipoises 200 437 389 THIRD STAGE 011(0002 applied. percent nvn iibin on--- 1. so 1. so 1. 30 Ca( Cl)gconsumed,percent available C12 1.19 1.28 NaOH applied, percent 0. 37 0. 45 0. 57 Final pH 10. 1 9. 5 1o. 3 Reaction time, minutes... 180 180 180 Consistency, percent 10. 4 10.4 10. 4 Temperature, degrees centigrade 35 35 35 Viscosity, centipoises 147 209 G.E. brightness, percent 70.4 81. 1 69. 8 G.E. brightness (1 hr. heat-aged), ercent 74. 6 66. 9 G.E. brightness (18 hr. heat-aged percent 72.3 64.2

FOURTH STAGE C102 applied, percent 0.50 0. 50 0.50 C102 consumed, percent.-- O. 47 0. 44 0. 48 Reaction time, minutes... 180 180 Consistency, percent 6.0 6. 0 6. 0 Tem erature, degrees centigrade 74 74 74 ina pH 3.9 4.1 3.1 Viscosity cp 120 148 202 G.E. brightness, percent 83. 0 88. 1 83. 8 G.E. brightness (1 hr. heat-agedLiercent 83. 3 81. 5 G.E. brightness (18 hr. heat-age percent 80.0 77.6

mm amen NaOH gaplied, percent 0. 50 0. 50 0. 50 Final p 12. 0 11. 5 11. 4 Reaction time, minutes. 120 120 120 Consistency, percent 10. 8 10. 8 10. 8 Temperature, degrees centigrade 74 74 74 TABLE II-Continued Example numbers SIXTH STAGE 0101 applied, percent 0. 28 0.28 0. 28 C102 consumed, percent 0.23 0.16 0. 17 Final H 5.9 4.2 4.9 React on time, minut 240 240 240 Consistency, percent. 6. 6. 0 6. 0 Temperature, degrees grade" 74 74 74 Total available, Cl: applied, area 10. 35 10. 35 10. 35

monuc'r QUALITY Viscosity, cp 116 162 168 G.E. brightness, pcrcen 90. 91. 5 89. 5 G.E. brightness (1 hr. h

cent .5 87. 3 87. 7 G.E. bri htness 18 hr. heat-a ed ercent.. 82.1 86.0 24.1

This comparison illustrates that by the two phase addition of the present invention, it was possible to use 1.5 percent less sodipm hydroxide in the second stage than when all chlorine was used as a bleaching reagent. Also, the temperature of the second stage could be operated at 48 degrees centigrade instead of 74 degrees Centigrade. This is particularly beneficial in commercial operations, due to the reduction in the chemical and steam requirements. The brightness in the third stage, was 11 points higher with the two phase addition than that obtained with either the chlorine or the mixture. The fourth stage brightness was also 4 to 5 points higher with the two phase method and the final brightness after the sixth stage was again higher than that obtained with chlorine or the mixcaustic extraction was used in the second stage, chlorine dioxide addition was used in tlie third stage, caustic extraction was used in the fourth stage and chlorine dioxide was added in the fifth stage.

ture. All of tests were run according to TAPPI Standard Testing methods as indicated in Examples 1-3.

Examples 7 and 8 These examples compare two processes of the present invention. Example 7 shows chlorine dioxide employed as the first added reagent and Example 8 shows chlorine employed as the first added reagent. The bleaching reaction was effected for a total period of 60 minutes, 20 minutes with the first added reagent and 40 minutes with the second added reagent. In both instances 7.7 percent available chlorine wats used. The ratio of reagents, based on the available chlorine added, was 85 percent chlorine dioxide to 15 percent chlorine. The reactions were run using equal amounts of unbleached -kraft pulp consisting of about 70 percent hemlock and about 30 percent Douglas fir pulp.

The reaction temperature was 20 degrees centigrade- A comparative analysis of the viscosities and brightness, both before heat-aging and after heat-aging, as shown in these examples, compare favorably with products resulting when either the chlorine dioxide or chlorine is added as the first phase.

Examples 9-14 These examples show the results obtained when various ratios of chlorine to chlorine dioxide are used in the two phase addition of the present invention. Compared with these changes in chlorine to chlorine dioxide ratios is the use of pure chlorine (Example 9) and pure chlorine dioxide (Example 14).

The experiments were run using unbleached kraft pulp consisting of 49 percent Western hemlock, 29 percent balsam, 12 percent Douglas fir and 10 percent cedar pulp. The permanganate number of this pulp was 20.2. The chlorited viscosity was 348 centipoises. Using equal amounts of pulp in an aqueous slurry, the available chlorine was added to the slurries as a gas. In Examples 10 through 13, which illustrate the process of this invention, the C10 was added first and reacted with the woodpulp for 20 minutes prior to the addition of chlorine which was reacted for 40 minutes. In all of the examples, the reaction time in the first stage with the available chlorine was minutes. Table IV shows the results obtained using the de= scribed first stage 0 2C10 ratios in a four stage bleaching process. Available chlorine used in the first stage of each example was 6.5 percent based on the weight pulp TABLE IV Example numbers mar sues I Available 012 ratio, 012.0102 100 0 :20 60:40 40:60 20:80 0:100 0102 applied, percent 0 0. 494 0. 988 1. 48 1. 98 2. 47 C12 applied, percent 650 5. 20 3. 2. 60 1. 30 lstp ase terminal pH... 5.9 4.1 3.2 3.1 2nd hase terminal pH.. 2. 0 2. 1 2. 3 2. 3 2. 4 2. 6 Viscosity, centipoises..-- 147 191 192 179 201 265 N aOH applied, percent 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 8. 5 3. 5

SECOND sues Viscosity, centipoises 210 289 238 272 267 292 Permanganate number 3. 8 2. 5 1. 8 2. 1 2. 8 4. 8

'rrmw arson NaOCl applied, percent available 012. 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1.0 1. 0 Viscosity, centipoises 184 211 181 147 185 243 G.E. brightness, percent 60. 8 67. 4 71. 5 75. 5 70.0 59. 5 G.E. brightness, percent (18 hr. heataged) 55. 6 60. 7 65. 0 68. 8 64. 2 55. 0

FOURTH STAGE C102 applied, percent s. 0. 55 0. 55 0. 55 0.. 55 0. 55 0. 55 Viscosity, cent poisesm. 187 175 145 204 238 G.E. brightness, percent 81. 6 82. 2 84. 8 85. 2 83. 4 72. 3 G.E. brightness, percent (1 hr. heat-aged)-.. 79. 4 80. 4 8i. 8 82. 5 80. 8 70. 6 G.E. brightness, percent (18 hr. heataged) 77. 0 79. 2 80. ll 68. 1

An analysis of the example results shows that improved pulp characteristics are obtained at each of the chlorine to chlorine dioxide ratios of the present invention compared to either chlorine alone or chlorine dioxide alone. Also shown is that a 60:40 chlorine to chlorine dioxide ratio produces the lowest permanganate number with the pulp used. Third and fourth stage brightness and heat-aged brightness are highest at a ratio of about 40:60 Cl :ClO and in all comparable instances are better than either the pure chlorine of Example 9 or the pure chlorine dioxide of Example 14.

What is claimed is:

1. A process for the bleaching of woodpulp, comprising:

(a) reacting woodpulp with chlorine dioxide until said chlorine dioxide is at least partially depleted and, thereafter,

(b) reacting the woodpulp with chlorine, wherein (1) the woodpulp is dispersed in an aqueous slurry which slurry, after being treated with said chlorine dioxide is rendered neutral to acidic;

(2) the temperature during said chlorine dioxide and chlorine reactions is maintained at from about 5 to about 100 degrees centigrade; and

(3) from about 2 to about 90 percent of the total available chlorine added is added as chlorine dioxide.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein: (a) from 1 to about 10 percent (by weight of woodpulp) of available chlorine is provided by the chlw rine and chlorine dioxide; and

(b) the total reaction time for said process is up to about three hours,

3. The process of claim 2, wherein:

(a) from about 20 to about 80 percent of the total available chlorine is added as chlorine dioxide;

(b) the chlorine dioxide is reacted with the woodpulp for from two to about 75 minutes; and

(c) the chlorine is reacted with the woodpulp for from about two minutes to two hours.

4. The process of claim 11, wherein:

(a) the total reaction time for said process is from about 5 minutes to about two hours; and

(b) the chlorine is reacted approximately twice as long as is the chlorine dioxide.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,513,788 7/1950 Day et al 8-108.5 XR 2,741,536 4/1956 Stone 8-108 XR 2,903,326 9/1959 Heifman 8-105 3,020,197 2/1962 Schuber 16278 25 MAYER WEINBLATT, Pit-m Examiner.

US. Cl. X.R. 

